Uma kuqhathaniswa nokudla kwezilwane, imibala yazo zonke izinhlobo zemifino nezithelo ingaba nemibala futhi ibe mihle. Umbala oluhlaza okhanyayo we-broccoli, umbala onsomi wesitshalo seqanda, umbala ophuzi wezaqathe, nombala obomvu wepelepele - kungani le mifino ihluke? Yini enquma le mibala?

I-Phytochromes iyinhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezimbili zama-molecule e-pigment: i-cytosolic pigments encibilika emanzini kanye ne-lipid-soluble chloroplast pigments. Izibonelo zangaphambili zihlanganisa ama-anthocyanins, ama-flavonoid anikeza umbala ezimbali; Okokugcina, ama-carotenoids, ama-lutein nama-chlorophyll ajwayelekile. Imibala encibilikayo emanzini iyancibilika ku-ethanol kanye namanzi avamile kodwa ayincibiliki kwezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo njenge-ether ne-chloroform. Imibala encibilikayo enamafutha anzima kakhulu ukuncibilika ku-methanol, kodwa incibilika kalula ekugxiliseni okuphezulu kwe-ethanol nezinye izincibilikisi eziphilayo. Uma evezwe ku-reagent ye-acetate yomthofu, izimibala-bala ezincibilika emanzini zizoncipha futhi zingakhangiswa ngekhabhoni ecushiwe; imibala nayo izoshintsha kuye ngokuthi i-pH.

1.Chlorophyll

I-Chlorophyll itholakala kakhulu emaqabunga, izithelo kanye nolwelwe lwezitshalo eziphakeme, futhi iyingxenye ebalulekile yama-chloroplast ezitshalo, akhona ngokuhlangana namaprotheni ezintweni eziphilayo.

I-Chlorophyll iyi-tonic yegazi, ikhuthaza i-hematopoiesis, isebenze amaseli, imiphumela elwa namagciwane kanye ne-anti-inflammatory, njll Eminyakeni yamuva, ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-chlorophyll inomphumela wokuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli e-ai.

Ukudla okuqukethe i-chlorophyll kufaka phakathi: i-kale, i-alfalfa sprouts, i-ulethisi, isipinashi, i-broccoli, i-ulethisi, njll.

I-Chlorophyll ibusa umbala oluhlaza, iqembu elijwayeleke kakhulu lemibala etholakala cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo. Abanye bangase bazibuze, kuthiwani ngezaqathi? Kuthiwani ngalezi zithako ezibukeka nombala wazo okungahambisani nhlobo nohlaza? Eqinisweni, izaqathe nazo ziqukethe i-chlorophyll, engephansi, kodwa "okuluhlaza" kuhlanganiswe "okuphuzi ne-orange".

2.I-carotenoid

I-Carotenoids yigama elijwayelekile lama-isomer ahlukahlukene e-carotenoid kanye nokuphuma kwawo okutholakala ezitshalweni. Kuyiqembu lezinto ezinemibala etholakala kakhulu emvelweni, futhi yaqala ukutholwa kwizaqathi, yingakho kuthiwa i-carotenoids.

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukudla okuphezulu kwama-carotenoid abantu kunganciphisa isifo se-prostate esihlobene neminyaka kanye nokukhubazeka kwe-retinal macular degeneration. Ngakho-ke, ama-carotenoid emvelo agunyazwe uMnyango Wezempilo ukuze asetshenziswe njengokudla kwezempilo okulwa nemisebe. Ama-carotenoid ahlukene anezakhiwo zamangqamuzana ahlukene, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwase kutholakale ama-carotenoid angaphezu kuka-600.

Ukudla okuqukethe i-carotenoids: izaqathe, ithanga, utamatisi, i-citrus, ummbila, njll.

3.I-Flavonoid

I-Flavonoid pigments, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-anthocyanins, nayo iyimibala encibilikayo emanzini. Kusukela esakhiweni samakhemikhali, iyisithako se-phenolic esincibilika emanzini. Itholakala kabanzi embusweni wezitshalo, okuhlanganisa nokuphuma okuhlukahlukene, futhi kutholakale izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezilwane. Ama-Flavonoid awavamile ukutholakala emvelweni njengama-monomers. Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-flavonoid zikhona ezitshalweni zemindeni ehlukene, ama-oda, uhlobo, nezinhlobo; ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezitshalo ezifana namagxolo, impande, nembali, kukhona ama-flavonoid ahlukene. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-400 sezitholakele kuze kube manje, ezingenambala, eziphuzi ngokukhanyayo noma osawolintshi ogqamile, futhi umbala wazo uthintwa kakhulu yi-pH.

Njengombala wokudla wemvelo, i-anthoxanthin iphephile, ayinabo ubuthi, inothile ngezinsizakusebenza, futhi inemiphumela ethile yokondleka kanye nemithi. Inamandla amakhulu okusebenza ekudleni, kwezimonyo, nakwezokwelapha.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani elikhulu lemiphumela yocwaningo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe libonise ukuthi ama-flavonoid ane-anti-oxidation, ukuqedwa kwama-radicals mahhala, umsebenzi we-anti-lipid peroxidation, ukuvimbela izifo zenhliziyo, i-antibacterial, i-antiviral, nemiphumela yokulwa nomzimba. Imifino, izithelo kanye nokusanhlamvu embusweni wezitshalo kucebile nge-flavonoid pigments.

Ukudla okuqukethe izingulube ze-flavonoid: upelepele omnandi, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, u-anyanisi obomvu, itiye elihlaza, i-citrus, amagilebhisi, i-buckwheat, njll.

4.I-Anthocyanin

Ama-Anthocyanins: Ngenxa “yomsebenzi wawo obalulekile we-anti-oxidant”, ama-anthocyanins aziwa kakhulu futhi abizwa “njenge-gimmick” yizinkampani eziningi. Zingaphezu kuka-300 izinhlobo ze-anthocyanins ezihlonziwe, okuhlanganisa noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsomi, obomvu nowolintshi. Lezi mibala ziyancibilika emanzini. Ama-anthocyanins angabonisa imibala ehlukene njengoba i-pH ishintsha. Kufanele ube nesipiliyoni esifanayo lapho upheka iklabishi (elibomvu) emanzini.

Imvelo yamakhemikhali ye-anthocyanins ayizinzile kakhulu, futhi umbala uzoshintsha ngokukhazimulayo ngokushintsha kwe-pH, ebomvu ngaphansi kuka-7, onsomi ku-8.5, i-violet-blue ku-11, futhi ophuzi, osawolintshi noma ngisho onsundu ngaphezu kuka-11. I-oksijeni , amazinga okushisa alula noma aphezulu angaguqula ukudla okunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-anthocyanin kube nsundu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguquguquka kombala okubangelwa ukuthintana nensimbi kufanele kugwenywe ngangokunokwenzeka lapho kucutshungulwa.

I-Proanthocyanidins iyakwazi ukukhipha ama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni, ibe nomsebenzi onamandla we-antioxidant, futhi ingalawula ukungatheleleki futhi idlale indima yokulwa nomdlavuza.

Ukudla okuqukethe ama-anthocyanins: amazambane ansomi, irayisi elimnyama, ummbila onsomi, i-kale onsomi, isitshalo seqanda, i-perilla, izaqathe, ama-beet, njll.

Njengoba abantu bekhuthaza imvelo, ukuphishekela impilo nokuphepha kuqala izidingo ezingokwengqondo, kanye nokungena kweChina ku-WTO ebhekene nezidingo zomnotho womhlaba, ukuthuthukiswa kwezingulube zemvelo ezidliwayo ngokushesha okukhulu, ngokwezibalo, kusukela ngo-1971 kuya ku-1981 umhlaba. ishicilele amalungelo obunikazi angu-126 ombala wokudla, okungama-87.5% awo izingulube zemvelo ezidliwayo.

Ngokuthuthuka komphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwemibala yemvelo kuye kwaduma kancane kancane ezimbonini zokudla nezimonyo, futhi amasu asetshenziswayo aye athuthuka kancane kancane, okwenza umbala wemvelo ube yingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlobisa impilo.

Inhloso yethu yebhizinisi “Yenza Umhlaba Ujabulise Futhi Uphile Kakhudlwana".

Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe lwezitshalo ezikhishwe, ungaxhumana nathi ngesikhathi se-ant!!

Izikhombo: https://www.zhihu.com/